• allocate CPU, memory, storage, and network resources to each VM, keeping their operations isolated and secure from one another

  • type 1 (bare-metal): runs directly on the host hardware, commonly used in data centers

    • e.g., VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, KVM, Xen
  • type 2 (hosted): runs on top of a traditional operating system as an application

    • e.g., VirtualBox, VMware Workstation

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